S.E

Alhamdulillah Akhir nya hari ini datang juga , bertambahnya sebuah gelar di belakang nama PUTRI WANDA OTTAFIA ,Siti Istati  S.E
31OKTOBER 2015 ... Semoga menjadi persembahan terbaik dan semoga beliau di sana(NENEK & IBUQU) bahagia di bawah lindungan-Nya ‪#‎Amiin‬ ... 🎓🎓😊

Conditional Execution in C++

Nama: Putri wanda ottafia(15211673)

Kelas : 4EA11

Conditional Execution in C++

The if Statement

Quite often we need to control the flow of execution of a program; in particular, to decide if a certain instruction or block of instructions should be executed, depending on a given condition. For example, in a more advanced version of our invoice program, we may want to take into account the fact that some products are taxable and some are not. The program could ask the user whether the product is taxable or not, and depending on what the user indicates, calculate things accordingly.

The most fundamental statement related to these types of situations is the if statement. The syntax for the if statement is as follows:

if (condition)
{
    statement(s);
}

A simple concrete example is shown below:

if (number < 0)
{
    cout << "Error! You must enter a positive number!" << endl;
}

This works as follows: the value of the variable number is retrieved, and compared against 0. If it is less than 0, then thecout statement (plus any other statements enclosed between the curly braces) is executed, and then execution continues at the statement following the closing curly brace (not shown in the example above, but presumably there are additional statements). If it is not less than 0, then the cout statement is skipped, and execution continues at the statement following the closing curly brace.

The round brackets are not optional. The curly braces are optional only if it is a single statement what executes conditionally. If more than one statement is associated to the if, then you must enclose the statements between curly braces.

In the case of a single statement, you may still enclose the statement in curly braces; this is a matter of style, but it is my opinion and my advice that one should always and unconditionally use curly braces to enclose the statement or statements associated to an if statement.

The reason is quite simple: if you do not use them, and in the future need to add an additional statement (it could even be acout statement for debugging purposes, in a situation where you suspect that there may be some problem around the ifor the condition), you could easily end up making the following mistake:

Original code:

if (number < 0)
    cout << "Error! You must enter a positive number!" << endl;

And you decide that your program should fix the condition and warn the user, instead of refusing to do anything and print an error message:

if (number < 0)
    cout << "Negative number entered -- adjusting sign" << endl;
    number = -number;

Even though we may be misled by the indentation (the nice alignment to the right for the whole block presumably associated to the if), the compiler is not — remember that the compiler ignores extra spaces and newlines between tokens or statements; and because there are no curly braces, the rule says that only the statement immediately following the if and the condition is the one executed conditionally. The statement number = -number; is not part of the if, and is simply the next statement to be executed — unconditionally!

The above can not happen if we always use curly braces, even when it is a single statement.

Important: the if statement must NOT have a semicolon at the end of the line (i.e., after the closing bracket for the condition). This is one of the common mistakes that can give you a really hard time before identifying it and fixing it!

This is how it works. If you code the following:

if (number < 0);
{
    cout << "Negative number entered -- adjusting sign" << endl;
    number = -number;
}

The compiler sees that there is a statement after the closing bracket for the condition. It is a special case of statement: anull statement; one that has no effect. But it is a statement that finishes at the semicolon. Therefore, the entire block that follows is simply a normal block of code that executes after the if statement — it executes unconditionally and independently of the if statement.

Conditions

Conditions are expressions that evaluate to a boolean value — a true or false value (true and false are C++ keywords, representing the two possible values of a boolean expression or variable). Simple conditions involve two operands, each of which can be a variable or a literal value, and an operator, typically a comparison operator.

TEORI PORTOFOLIO

TEORI PORTOFOLIO

Arti harfiah dari portofolio adalah sekumpulan surat-surat. Teori ini disebut sebagai teori portofolio yang mempelajari bagaimana investasi pada surat-surat berharga. Pada umumnya investor pada surat-surat berharga ( saham, obligasi dan sebagainya) memilih untuk memiliki berbagai jenis surat berharga sehingga mereka dikatakan membentuk portofolio. Teori portofolio ini didasarkan pada kenyataan bahwa umumnya para investor dalam surat-surat berharga ( yang disebut juga sebagai financial asset ), tidak menginvestasikan seluruh dana mereka pada satu jenis saham, tetapi membagi-bagikannya ke dalam berbagai jenis saham atau dengan kata lain mereka melakukan diversifikasi untuk mengurangi resiko yang ditanggung. Kalau suatu saham nilainya jatuh, sedangkan saham lain naik, maka kerugian dan keuntungan ini akan saling mengkompensir. Harga pasar suatu surat berharga mencerminkan penaksiran consensus pasar akan nilai surat berharga. Suatu pasar keuangan yang efisien terjadi apabila harga-harga surat berharga mencerminkan semua informasi yang tersedia di masyarakat, tentang ekonomi tentang pasar-pasar keuangan dan mengenai perusahaan tertentu tersebut. Harga pasar dari setiap surat berharga menyesuaikan diri dengan sangat cepat atas setiap informasi baru yang masuk ke pasar. Sebagai hasilnya harga surat-surat berharga akan berfluktuasi secara random terhadap nilai “intrinsic” mereka. Perubahan-perubahan harga karena adanya informasi baru, dikatakan akan mengikuti pola “random walk”. Pengembalian portofolio yang dihapkan dan tingkat resiko portofolio yang dapat diterima serta menunjukan cara pembentukan portofolio yang optimal.

Portofolio yang Efisien dan Optimal
Dalam pembentukan portofolio, investor berusaha memaksimalkan pengembalian yang diharapkan dari investasi dengan tingkat risiko tertentu yang dapat diterima. Portofolio yang dapat mencapai tujuan di atas disebut dengan portofolio yang efisien. Konsep pengembalian yang diharapkan dan risiko akan dijelaskan secara lebih khusus pada saat memasuki pembahasan tentang perkembangan teori portofolio.

   Aktiva Berisiko Versus Aktiva Bebas Risiko 
Aktiva berisiko, merupakan aktiva dimana pengembalian yang akan diterima di masa depan bersifat tidak pasti. Sebagai contoh, seorang investor membeli saham GM hari ini dan bermaksud untuk memegang saham tersebut hingga 1 tahun. Pada saat dilakukan pembelian saham, investor tidak mengetahui besar pengembalian yang akan diterimanya. Pengembalian yang diterima akan tergantung dari harga saham GM satu tahun mendatang dan pendapatan yang diperoleh investor selama 1 tahun. Pengembalian diharapkan dari portofolio aktiva beresiko  Nilai yang diberikan kepada pengembalian yang diharapkan dari setiap aktiva merupakan persentase dari nilai pasar aktiva terhadap nilai

            E(R_p) = w₁E(R₁) + w₂E(R₂) + ... + w_GE(R_G)

Keterangan :

E( )     = harapan

E(Rp) = pengembalian exante – pengembalian diharapkan dari portofolio

             sepanjang periode waktu tertentu  

Aktiva bebas risiko, aktiva yang pengembalian masa depannya dapat diketahui dengan pasti. Aktiva bebas risiko umumnya merupakan kewajiban jangka pendek dari pemerintah. Sebagai contoh, jika investor membeli sekuritas pemerintah dengan jangka jatuh tempo 1 tahun dan berniat untuk menyimpan sekuritas tersebut hingga saat jatuh temponya, maka besar pengembalian satu tahun mendatang akan diketahui dengan pasti.

Mengukur Pengembalian Diharapkan dari Suatu Portofolio

Mengukur pengembalian portofolio periode tunggal

Pengembalian diharapkan dari portofolio aktiva beresiko

Mengukur pengembalian portofolio periode tunggal

Pengembalian aktual dari suatu portofolio aktiva sepanjang periode waktu tertentu dapat dihitung:

Rp = w1R1 + w2R2 + ... + wGRG                      G             Rp = S   wg Rg        g=1

Keterangan :

Rp = tingkat pengembalian portofolio selama periode berjalan

Rg = tingkat pengembalian aktiva g selama periode berjalan

wg = berat aktiva g pada portofolio – bagian dari nilai pasar keseluruhan

G   = jumlah aktiva pada portofolio 

Varians Sebagai Alat Ukur Resiko

Varians dari variabel acak adalah ukuran penyimpangan dari penghasilan ayng mungkin di sekitar nilai yang diharapkanPengembalian aktiva, varians adalah ukuran penyimpangan penghasilan yang mungkin bagi tingkat pengembalian di sekitar pengembalian yang diharapkan

AUTOBIOGRAPHY

My name is Putri Wanda Ottafia, I was born in Jakarta on October 04, 1993. I am the third daughter of Niswar and Desmarita. My father is a retirement of Enterpriser. I have one brother, his name is Mughni Ronaldi.

When I was 4 years old, I started my kirdengarten in TK BHAKTI IBU . Then I continued my elementary school In Cawang 04 Pagi on 2005, my Junior High school was in  Nasional Jakarta on 2008 and on 20011 I studied in Bhakti 3 High School.

            I dreamt about to continue my study in a state university if I have finish my senior high school. Then I choose to continue in Gunadarma University on 2011. I take management majority and until now I enjoy the college in Gunadarma University as well.

            When I was in 6 grade of elementary school, I loved Taekwondo so much because I got inspiration from cartoon film. I joined Taekwondo l extracurricular when I was in Junior High School and followed a few basket ball championship inter – junior high school and got the 3rd place. I continued my Taekwondo activity in senior high school and I followed again an inter-senior high school taekwondo championship. I got 1st place continously 3 times and got rotating trophy. I never want to forget that time and really love to have my best fellow, their name are Kenneth, Siti Istati and Riya. But, after I study in Gunadarma University I stopped all the taekwondo activity, because I want to be focus on my study.

I thought the course was the same as the entry of school hours I was wrong, the lecture morning hours of the entry can be hung during perkuliah schedule provided by the campus         

This year is when I have to finish my college. I want to finish it immediately to be able to work according to my ability. I have a lot of dreams. First, I want to make my parent happy, I want to get a good job so they don’t need to work anymore, they need more rest time to enjoying their old-day.

            I am a cleanness freak, so that is why I don’t like to see some dirty or mess up places. Because I believe cleanliness is one of someone’s personality. I also love to drink coffee. One of coffee that I love to drink is cappuccino, hot or cold. When I was still in senior high school, almost every come back from school I drink coffee. My favorite food is egg martabak because this food has a delicious taste and a little bit hard in making process.

That are some facts about my self, maybe it is not interesting, but I enjoy my entire life. This is great for me to have a family and friends who always support me to do something that I want the most. I have pass through the hard time in my life, even maybe that was not the hardest one, but at least I am ready to face them someday, and I am also ready to please the best one come over.

Pengertian, Rumus, Fungsi dan Contoh Kalimat Noun Clause

Noun Clause adalah dependent clause yang berfungsi sebagai noun (kata benda). Klausa kata benda ini dapat berfungsi sebagai subject maupun object di dalam suatu clause atau phrase lain. Karena berfungsi sebagai kata benda, maka dapat digantikan dengan pronoun “it“.

Contoh:

·         I forgot the fact. (noun)

·          I forgot it. (pronoun)

·         I forgot that the fact was very important. (noun clause)

Rumus Noun Clause:

Noun clause dapat diawali oleh noun clause markers berupa question word, if atau whether, dan that. Adapun contoh noun clause pada clause lain beserta detail marker-nya dapat dilihat pada tabel sebagai berikut